A practical reference on research chemical: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
Reviewed 2025-10-27. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | SR9009 | Also marketed informally as Stenabolic |
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ |
| Molecular formula | C24H30ClN3O4S | Approximate molecular weight 492 g/mol |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Identifier for the parent compound |
| Regulatory status | Not approved for human use | Prohibited in sport by WADA |
SR9009 stability depends on temperature, moisture, light, and solvent. Solid material is generally kept cool and dry, while solutions may require protection from repeated warming and cooling. Degradation can appear as color changes, precipitate, or new chromatographic peaks. Researchers should follow supplier instructions and their own stability data. Long-term storage conditions for human use have not been established because the compound lacks approved clinical formulation.
SR9009 is supplied as a solid research chemical, often in milligram quantities. Laboratories typically weigh it in a controlled environment because fine powders can disperse. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in small aliquots to reduce freeze-thaw cycles. Personal protective equipment and chemical fume hoods are standard when handling unknown or potent compounds. These practices address laboratory safety rather than human use.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
For long-term storage, SR9009 is typically kept as a solid at low temperature, protected from moisture and light. Desiccated conditions limit hydrolysis, while opaque containers reduce photochemical breakdown. Solutions are less stable than solids and are often stored frozen in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stability data are not standardized across all suppliers, so users should rely on certificate-of-analysis information when available. Degradation may appear as color change, precipitate, or decreased chromatographic purity.
Laboratory identification of SR9009 typically relies on chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry, often with ultraviolet detection as a secondary check. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure when a reference standard is available. Because many suppliers sell the compound as a research chemical, independent identity testing is important for experimental reproducibility. A single retention time is not sufficient proof of identity, especially when related compounds may be present. Purity assessments usually report a percentage based on area normalization.
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
REV-ERB proteins help regulate daily cycles in gene expression, including genes tied to lipid and glucose metabolism. SR9009 binds these receptors and alters their activity in cell and animal experiments. Consequences observed in rodents include changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, blood lipid levels, and exercise performance. The precise chain from receptor occupancy to whole-body effects is still an active area of study. Human responses cannot be assumed from rodent data.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
==== Special populations ==== Peak levels of ramelteon and overall exposure are about 86% and 97% higher, respectively, in elderly adults compared to younger adults. Conversely, peak levels of M-II are 13% and overall exposure 30% higher in elderly adults than in younger adults. The elimination half-life of ramelteon is 2.6 hours in elderly adults.
=== Other psychoactive infusions === Ayahuasca, a South American psychoactive decoction prepared from Banisteriopsis caapi vine and a dimethyltryptamine (DMT)-containing plant, which has different legal statuses depending on jurisdiction. Cannabis tea, which contains the psychoactive THC. It is a common drink in India, where it is known as bhang. Coca tea, infusion made from coca leaves. Contains trace amounts of cocaine and similar alkaloids. In some countries where coca is illegal, products marketed as "coca tea" are supposed to be decocainized, i.e., the pharmacologically active components have been removed from the leaf using the same chemicals as manufacturing cocaine. Kava root tea, common in Pacific island cultures (Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia), which has sedative effects and anesthetic effects caused by compounds called kavalactones. The traditional form is a water-based suspension of kava roots. Kratom tea made from the dried leaves of the kratom tree. It has opioid-like properties and some stimulant-like effects. St. John's wort tea, the plant has been shown to have antidepressant properties according to a 2017 meta-analysis. Ephedra tea, mainly from the plant Ephedra sinica. It contains the stimulant ephedrine. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is called máhuáng, for more than 2,000 years. Ephedra tea was also used by Native Americans and Mormons, hence the name "Mormon tea" and "Indian tea". Poppy tea, brewed from the poppy straw or seeds of several species of poppy (most commonly Papaver somniferum).
Severe Phenotype: symptoms appear soon after birth and include hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, brain dysfunction (encephalopathy) and often cardiomyopathy Intermediate Phenotype: characterized by hypoketotic hypoglycemia and is triggered by infection or fasting during infancy Mild (Late-Onset) Phenotype: presents as muscle weakness (myopathy) and nerve disease (neuropathy) Long-Term Complications: can include peripheral neuropathy and eye damage (retinopathy) Treatments
In Rolf Singer's classification of the Agaricales mushrooms, it is also the type species of section Boletus, a grouping of about 30 related boletes united by several characteristics: a mild-tasting, white flesh that does not change colour when exposed to air; a smooth to distinctly raised, netted pattern over at least the uppermost portion of the stem; a yellow-brown or olive-brown spore print; white tubes that later become yellowish then greenish, which initially appear to be stuffed with cotton; and cystidia that are not strongly coloured. Molecular analysis published in 1997 established that the bolete mushrooms are all derived from a common ancestor, and established the Boletales as an order separate from the Agaricales. The generic name is derived from the Latin term bōlētus "mushroom", which was borrowed in turn from the Ancient Greek βωλίτης, "terrestrial fungus". Ultimately, this last word derives from bōlos/βῶλος "lump", "clod", and, metaphorically, "mushroom". The βωλίτης of Galen, like the boletus of Latin writers like Martial, Seneca and Petronius, is often identified as the much prized Amanita caesarea. The specific epithet edulis in Latin means "eatable" or "edible".
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== Binge eating disorder ==== Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurrent and persistent episodes of compulsive binge eating. These episodes are often accompanied by marked distress and a feeling of loss of control over eating. The pathophysiology of BED is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve dysfunctional dopaminergic reward circuitry along the cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical loop. As of July 2024, lisdexamfetamine is the only USFDA- and TGA-approved pharmacotherapy for BED. Evidence suggests that lisdexamfetamine's treatment efficacy in BED is underpinned at least in part by a psychopathological overlap between BED and ADHD, with the latter conceptualized as a cognitive control disorder that also benefits from treatment with lisdexamfetamine. Lisdexamfetamine's therapeutic effects for BED primarily involve direct action in the central nervous system after conversion to its pharmacologically active metabolite, dextroamphetamine. Dextroamphetamine increases dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission in prefrontal cortex, a region of the brain that regulates cognitive control of behavior. Similar to its therapeutic effect in ADHD, dextroamphetamine enhances cognitive control and may reduce impulsivity in patients with BED by enhancing the cognitive processes responsible for overriding prepotent feeding responses that precede binge eating episodes.
=== Apodization in signal processing === The term apodization is used frequently in publications on Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) signal processing. An example of apodization is the use of the Hann window in fast Fourier transform analyzers to smooth the discontinuities at the beginning and end of the sampled time record.
== Chemistry == The experimental log P of penbutolol is 4.15. Penbutolol showed the second highest predicted lipophilicity of 30 clinically relevant beta blockers, with the most lipophilic beta blocker predicted to be the lesser-known bopindolol.
25 Jan&1 Sep) mimicking neurons' communication, is reported. 9 November IBM unveils its 433-qubit 'Osprey' quantum processor, the successor to its Eagle system. A study shows that 50+ aged users of the dietary program SNAP "had about 2 fewer years of cognitive aging over a 10-year period compared with non-users" despite it having nearly no conditions for the sustainability and healthiness of the food products purchased with the coupons (or coupon-credits). 10 November A study describes how one may eventually be able to detect (distinguish) wormholes, suggesting they may have never been observed because they appear very similar to black holes. Notable software developments: After domain seizures of Z-Library by copyright law enforcement and moves toward dark web and IPFS technologies by its content providers, the open source shadow library UI Anna's Archive – which also provides access to a full copy of Z-Library content and scientific articles – is established by a team of archivists, essentially providing the largest human book and literature library. News outlets report about the development of a post-editing model using GPT-3 that improves machine translations after identification of current translation problems (8 Nov/25 Oct). The largest global inventory and interactive map of greenhouse gas emission sources is released by Climate TRACE (9 Nov).
All pages with titles containing C-4s All pages with titles containing C-4 All pages with titles containing C4s All pages with titles containing C4 4C (disambiguation) CCCC (disambiguation) CIV (disambiguation)
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Media coverage === The many murders which were carried out by the Moroccan mafia were a turning point in criminal journalism across Belgium and the Netherlands. Although the Moroccan mafia is not the first criminal phenomenon in these countries, it is the first to receive both international and intensive media coverage. The Dutch virtual tax reforms of the 2010s encouraged the emergence of inexpensive print media, which could therefore be widely distributed and relayed. These broadcasts were the precursors of a trend that gained momentum after the assassination of journalist Martin Kok in 2016. The Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf benefited greatly from the public enthusiasm for the criminal war that was taking place in its cities, which received unprecedented media coverage. While some Dutch media outlets decided to censor the first and last names of the editors who published articles, other news outlets like De Telegraaf did not give into the panic, and refused to practice censorship. After the attacks on De Telegraaf and Panorama in 2017, lawyer Christien Wildeman stated:
== Advantages and disadvantages == Advantages include minimal overlap in metal signals meaning the instrument is theoretically capable of detecting 100 parameters per cell, entire cell signaling networks can be inferred organically without reliance on prior knowledge, and one well-constructed experiment produces large amounts of data. Disadvantages, in the case of CyTOF, include the practical flow rate is around 500 cells per second versus several thousand in flow cytometry and current reagents available limit cytometer use to around 50 parameters per cell. Additionally, mass cytometry is a destructive method and cells cannot be sorted for further analysis. In the case of IMC, the resolution of the data is relatively low (1μm2/pixel), the technique is as well destructive, acquiring of the data is also very slow, and it requires specialized expensive equipment and expertise.
=== Pipelines === South Africa's pipeline freight sector is the smallest of the country's freight modes by network size. However, pipelines are of strategic importance, as they continuously transport energy products between refineries, ports, storage depots, and major inland markets. These products include natural gas, crude oil, and refined petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, paraffin, and jet fuel. Fuel pipelines in SA are predominantly managed by Transnet Pipelines (TPL), a division of state-owned company Transnet. Two other players in the sector are the Republic of Mozambique Pipeline Investments Company (ROMPCO), which owns and operates the 865km Mozambique to South Africa natural gas pipeline, and Sasol, which owns and operates portions of the downstream gas transmission network that distribute gas after it reaches Secunda via ROMPCO. At Secunda, Sasol operates the world's largest coal-to-liquids plant. The pipelines exists in large part to supply inland fuel demand, especially in Gauteng, without relying solely on road tankers or rail tank wagons. Major metros such as Cape Town and Durban are able to acquire their fuel by sea. The network of pipelines also supplies natural gas to KwaZulu-Natal. They span the provinces of KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, and North West. As of 2026, the network consists of:
=== Victor Graham === Victor Graham (Xolo Maridueña) is Julia and Joel's 10-year-old "sky baby" adopted son. He is introduced at the end of the Season 3 finale. He's cold towards his new family at first, and does not listen to either of his adoptive parents. Victor begins to warm up to them in the fourth season, by joining a baseball team and playing catch with Joel, as well as baking cookies with Julia. However, after an argument with Sydney, he purposely throws a baseball bat through a window, nearly hitting his sister. This prompts Julia to reconsider going through with the adoption, much to Joel's dismay, but they later decide to finalize the adoption. Victor struggles in school, eventually being put back a grade. In the final episode, his parents decide adopt his biological maternal half-sister, Millie.
=== Immediate-spin cross-matching === Immediate-spin cross-matching (ISCM) is an abbreviated form of cross-matching that is faster, but less sensitive; its primary use is to detect a mismatch between ABO blood types. It is an immediate test that involves combining the patient's serum and donor's red blood cells at room temperature, then centrifuging the sample and observing for agglutination or hemolysis. A lack of agglutination or hemolysis indicates a negative test reaction, or compatible match. ISCM is not appropriate in all circumstances; if the recipient's antibody screen is positive, or if they have had a positive antibody screen in the past, a full crossmatch is performed instead.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that binds and modulates the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in laboratory studies of circadian biology and metabolism, not as an approved medicine. It is also known by the informal name Stenabolic.
No. SR9009 has not been approved as a therapeutic drug in the United States, European Union, or other major markets. Human safety and efficacy data are very limited. Its presence in consumer products does not imply regulatory approval.
The World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance because it can alter gene expression and metabolic pathways relevant to performance. The ban applies at all times, not only during competition. Detection relies on laboratory methods such as mass spectrometry.
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is sold as a research chemical, but sports and medicine regulations restrict it.