If you have been reading about anti-doping testing and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Updated 2025-11-08. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not an approved medicine and has no established human therapeutic use. The compound appears in scientific literature as a tool for probing circadian and metabolic regulation. Online sellers often label it as a research chemical, sometimes using the nickname Stenabolic. Its chemical identity is distinct from selective androgen receptor modulators, stimulants, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Researchers use it mainly in cell and animal experiments.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Derived from published structure. |
| Molecular weight | 437.94 g/mol | Calculated value. |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical for purified research samples. |
| Solubility | DMSO, ethanol; low in water | Class: poorly water-soluble. |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated, protected from light | Limits degradation. |
Storage conditions for research-grade SR9009 generally involve a freezer at approximately minus twenty degrees Celsius, sometimes lower for long-term preservation. Containers should remain tightly closed and protected from light. Desiccants may be used to limit moisture uptake. Solutions are often stored in aliquots to avoid repeated warming and cooling. Stability data for the compound under various conditions are limited, so laboratories typically follow supplier recommendations and verify performance through periodic analytical checks rather than assuming indefinite stability.
Identity and purity testing for SR9009 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method separates the compound from matrix components and detects it by mass-to-charge transitions, providing sensitive and specific confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural identification, while high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection may estimate purity. Because online products labeled as SR9009 may contain other substances or no active compound at all, independent verification is important in research settings. Certificates of analysis are useful but not a substitute for in-house testing.
Analytical methods for SR9009 typically rely on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The technique can separate the parent compound from related substances and detect low concentrations in biological matrices. Urine and blood are common samples in anti-doping testing, while in vitro studies may use cell culture media. Rapid metabolism and low expected concentrations make method validation important for reliable identification. Exact metabolite patterns can vary by species and are not fully mapped.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
Scientific discussion of SR9009 often separates animal evidence from human anecdote. Rodent studies provide controlled data on endurance, metabolism, and gene expression, but they use specific strains, doses, and treatment durations. Human reports are mostly uncontrolled and cannot establish cause and effect. Open questions include oral bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolic stability, and long-term effects. Review articles generally call for more rigorous pharmacokinetic and safety research before any clinical use could be considered.
=== Hopback === A hopback is a traditional chamber between the brewing kettle and wort chiller that acts as a sieve or filter by using whole hops to clear debris (or "trub") from the unfermented wort, as the whirlpool does, and also to increase hop aroma in the finished beer. Hops are added to the chamber, the hot wort from the kettle is run through it, and then immediately cooled in the wort chiller before entering the fermentation vessel. Hopbacks utilising a sealed chamber facilitate maximum retention of volatile hop aroma compounds that would normally be driven off when the hops contact the hot wort. While a hopback has a similar filtering effect as a whirlpool, it operates differently: a whirlpool uses centrifugal forces, while a hopback uses a layer of whole hops to act as a filter bed. Whirlpools are particularly suited to the removal of pelleted hops, whereas hopbacks are generally used to remove whole flower hops from the wort, retaining them as a filter bed. The hopback has mainly been substituted in modern breweries by the whirlpool.
== Regulation == As of 2016, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had conditionally registered, for a period of four years, only two nanomaterial pesticides as ingredients. The EPA differentiates nanoscale ingredients from non-nanoscale forms of the ingredient, but there is little scientific data about potential variation in toxicity. Testing protocols still need to be developed.
Antiviral proteins are proteins that are induced by human or animal cells to interfere with viral replication. These proteins are isolated to inhibit the virus from replicating in a host's cells and stop it from spreading to other cells. The Pokeweed antiviral protein and the Zinc-Finger antiviral protein are two major antiviral proteins that have undergone several tests for viruses, including HIV and influenza.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The transaction transferred Labcorp’s US-based biocompatibility, analytical testing, microbiological, and preclinical research services to NAMSA, enabling Labcorp to concentrate on its core preclinical drug development and chemical testing activities. In March 2026, Labcorp acquired select assets of Crouse Health, including assuming operations of Lab Alliance's 12 patient service centers.
=== Use in executions === In 2009, Ohio approved the use of an intramuscular injection of 500 mg of hydromorphone and a supratherapeutic dose of midazolam as a backup means of carrying out executions by lethal injection when a suitable vein cannot be found for intravenous injection.
== Research == Nalfurafine has been found to be effective in a variety of animal models relevant to drug abuse, addiction, and dependence, and may represent a novel potential treatment for these maladies. In rodents, the drug attenuates the discriminative and rewarding effects of cocaine and the rewarding and locomotor effects of morphine, and diminishes the mecamylamine-precipitated aversive effect of nicotine withdrawal.
A lipopeptide is a molecule consisting of a lipid connected to a peptide. They are able to self-assemble into different structures. Many bacteria produce these molecules as a part of their metabolism, especially those of the genus Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces. Certain lipopeptides are used as antibiotics. Due to the structural and molecular properties such as the fatty acid chain, it poses the effect of weakening the cell function or destroying the cell. Other lipopeptides are toll-like receptor agonists. Certain lipopeptides can have strong antifungal and hemolytic activities. It has been demonstrated that their activity is generally linked to interactions with the plasma membrane, and sterol components of the plasma membrane could play a major role in this interaction. It is a general trend that adding a lipid group of a certain length (typically C10–C12) to a lipopeptide will increase its bactericidal activity. Lipopeptides with a higher amount of carbon atoms, for example 14 or 16, in its lipid tail will typically have antibacterial activity as well as anti-fungal activity. Therefore, an increase in the alkyl chain can make lipopeptides soluble in water. As well, it opens the cell membrane of the bacteria, so antimicrobial activity can take place. Lipopeptide detergents (LPDs) are composed of amphiphiles and two alkyl chains which are located on the last part of the peptide backbone. They were designed to mimic the architecture of the native membranes in which two alkyl chains in a lipid molecule facially interact with the hydrophobic segment of MPs.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used in laboratory research. It is not an approved drug, and its effects in humans are not well characterized. It is often sold as a research chemical under the name Stenabolic.
No. SR9009 targets the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, not the androgen receptor. This mechanism differs from selective androgen receptor modulators and from exercise mimetics that act on PPARδ.
Published evidence is mainly preclinical, using cell cultures and animal models. Controlled human trials are not well documented in the public literature. Claims about human performance or health effects therefore remain unsupported by robust clinical data.
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that acts on REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not approved for human use and is sold only as a research chemical. Its effects have been studied mainly in cells and rodents.