If you have been reading about anti-doping and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2025-09-27. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
For long-term storage, SR9009 is typically kept as a solid at low temperature, protected from moisture and light. Desiccated conditions limit hydrolysis, while opaque containers reduce photochemical breakdown. Solutions are less stable than solids and are often stored frozen in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stability data are not standardized across all suppliers, so users should rely on certificate-of-analysis information when available. Degradation may appear as color change, precipitate, or decreased chromatographic purity.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Visual inspection is not sufficient for identity. |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Low solubility in water; stock solutions use organic solvent. |
| Storage | -20°C, desiccated, protected from light | Limits hydrolysis and photodegradation. |
| Analytical method | HPLC-UV/MS | Used for identity and purity assessment. |
| Synonyms | SR9009, Stenabolic | Naming varies by supplier. |
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
The mechanism of action involves binding to REV-ERB receptors and recruiting corepressor complexes, which represses target gene transcription. This contrasts with many nuclear receptor agonists that activate transcription. Downstream effects may include changes in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid handling, but the precise pathways remain an active area of study. Whether these molecular events translate into meaningful physiological effects in humans is unresolved. Most evidence comes from cultured cells and rodent models rather than human participants.
Analytical methods for SR9009 typically rely on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The technique can separate the parent compound from related substances and detect low concentrations in biological matrices. Urine and blood are common samples in anti-doping testing, while in vitro studies may use cell culture media. Rapid metabolism and low expected concentrations make method validation important for reliable identification. Exact metabolite patterns can vary by species and are not fully mapped.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
Microbial toxins are toxins produced by micro-organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, dinoflagellates, and viruses. Many microbial toxins promote infection and disease by directly damaging host tissues and by disabling the immune system. Endotoxins most commonly refer to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS) that are in the outer plasma membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The botulinum toxin, which is primarily produced by Clostridium botulinum and less frequently by other Clostridium species, is the most toxic substance known in the world. However, microbial toxins also have important uses in medical science and research. Currently, new methods of detecting bacterial toxins are being developed to better isolate and understand these toxins. Potential applications of toxin research include combating microbial virulence, the development of novel anticancer drugs and other medicines, and the use of toxins as tools in neurobiology and cellular biology.
100. Tirzepatide. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006–. 2026 Aug 15. Tirzepatide is usually undetectable in breastmilk with subcutaneous doses of up to 5 mg. Furthermore, absorption by the infant is unlikely because it is probably partially destroyed in the infant’s gastrointestinal tract and poorly absorbed orally. If a mother requires tirzepatide, it is not a reason to discontinue breastfeeding. Until more data become available, tirzepatide should be used with caution during breastfeeding, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant. Some experts recommend closely monitoring of infant growth and developmental milestones and the nutritional status of the lactating woman.[1]
89. Mymensingh Med J. 2026 Oct;35(4):1312-1316. Diagnosis of Rhinoentomophthoromycosis in a 55 Years Old Male: A Case Report. Shawrave SA(1), Zoheb SJM, Galib GI, Tanni RZ, Shawon MMR, Bhuiyan MJT. Author information: (1)Dr Shaharior Arafat Shawrave, Associate Professor, Department of ENT and Head Neck Surgery, Dhaka Medical College (DMC), Dhaka, Bangladesh; E-mail: shawrave77@gmail.com. Entomophthoromycosis is a chronic fungal infection characterized by a diverse range of manifestations, including subcutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral infections. The majority of subcutaneous infections caused by entomophthoralean fungi are attributed to Basidiobolus spp, C. coronatus or C. incongruous. In this report, we present a case of rhinoentomophthoromycosis in a middle-aged, immunocompetent male, primarily affecting the nasopharynx. Initially, the diagnosis posed a dilemma, but it was ultimately confirmed through meticulous examination of microscopy and histopathology of the aspirate. The patient's response to antifungal therapy was favorable. We hereby provide a comprehensive account of this case and discuss the efficacy of Posaconazole in the treatment of rhinoentomophthoromycosis in a 55-year-old male patient with diabetes.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== Teleostei ==== Order Anabantiformes Betta splendens, Siamese fighting fish (2018) Helostoma temminkii, Kissing gourami (2020) Order Anguilliformes Anguilla anguilla, European Eel (2012) Anguilla japonica, Japanese Eel (2022) Order Atheriniformes Atherinopsis californiensis, Jack silverside (2023) Order Beloniformes Oryzias latipes, medaka (2007) Order Callionymiformes Callionymus lyra, common dragonet (2020) Order Carangiformes Caranx ignobilis, Giant trevally (2022) Caranx melampygus, Bluefin trevally (2021) Pseudocaranx georgianus, New Zealand trevally (2021) Order Centrarchiformes Oplegnathus fasciatus, barred knifejaw (2019) Siniperca roulei (Slender Mandarinfish) (2025) Order Characiformes Astyanax jordani, Mexican cavefish (2014) Astyanax mexicanus, Mexican tetra (2021) Colossoma macropomum, Tambaqui (2021) Hasemania nana, Silvertip tetra (2013) Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus, Flag tetra (2023) Petitella bleheri, Firehead tetra (2015) Psalidodon paranae, (2016) Order Cichliformes Oreochromis niloticus, Nile tilapia (2019) Maylandia zebra, Lake Malawi cichlid (2019) Order Clupeiformes Clupea harengus, Atlantic herring (2020) Coilia nasus, Japanese grenadier anchovy (2020) Sardina pilchardus, European pilchard (2019) Order Cypriniformes Anabarilius grahami, Kanglang fish (2018) Danio rerio, zebrafish (2007) Leuciscus baicalensis, Siberian dace (2014) Megalobrama amblycephala, Wuchang bream (2017) Metzia formosae, (2015) Opsarius caudiocellatus, (2022) Oxygymnocypris stewartii, (2019) Pseudobrama simoni (2020) Rhodeus ocellatus, Rosy bitterling (2020) Triplophysa bleekeri, Tibetan stone loach (2020) Order Cyprinodontiformes Fundulus catenatus, Northern studfish (2020) Fundulus olivaceus, Blackspotted topminnow (2020) Fundulus nottii, Bayou topminnow (2020) Fundulus xenicus, Diamond killifish (2020) Gambusia affinis, western mosquitofish (2020) Heterandria formosa, least killifish (2019) Micropoecilia picta, swamp guppy (2021) Xiphophorus maculatus, platyfish (2013) Nothobranchius furzeri, turquoise killifish (2015) Order Esociformes Esox lucius, northern pike (2014) Order Gadiformes Gadus macrocephalus, Pacific cod (2022) Gadus morhua, Atlantic cod (2011) Order Gasterosteiformes Gasterosteus aculeatus, three-spined stickleback (2006, 2012) Order Gobiiformes Oxyeleotris marmorata, marble goby (2020) Periophthalmus modestus, shuttles hoppfish or shuttles mudskipper (2022) Order Gymnotiformes Electrophorus electricus, electric eel (2014) Order Lampriformes Lampris incognitus, Smalleye Pacific Opah (2021) Order Osmeriformes Neosalanx tangkahkeii, Chinese icefish (2015) Protosalanx hyalocranius, clearhead icefish (2017) Order Osteoglossiformes Heterotis niloticus, African arowana (2020) Paramormyrops kingsleyae, mormyrid electric fish (2017) Scleropages formosus, Asian arowana (2016) Order Perciformes Centropyge bicolor, bicolor angelfish (2021) Chaetodon trifasciatus, melon butterflyfish (2020) Channa argus, northern snakehead (2017) Channa maculata, blotched snakehead (2021) Chelmon rostratus, copperband butterflyfish (2020) Chrysiptera cyanea, Sapphite damselfish (2024) Dissostichus mawsoni, Antarctic toothfish (2019) Eleginops maclovinus, Patagonian robalo (2019) Epinephelus moara, kelp grouper (2021) Larimichthys crocea, large yellow croaker (2014) Lutjanus campechanus, Northern red snapper (2020) Naso vlamingii, bignose unicornfish (2020) Parachaenichthys charcoti, Antarctic dragonfish (2017) Rachycentron canadum, Cobia (2024) Seriola dumerili, Greater amberjack (2017) Sillago sinica, chinese sillago (2018) Siniperca knerii, Big-Eye Mandarin Fish (2020) Sparus aurata, gilt-head bream (2018) Holacanthus passer, King Angelfish (2024) Oplegnathus fasciatus, Barred knifejaw (2024) Order Pleuronectiformes Microstomus kitt, Lemon sole (2025) Order Salmoniformes Salmo salar, Atlantic salmon (2016) Oncorhynchus mykiss, rainbow trout (2014) Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Chinook salmon (2018) Salvelinus namaycush, Lake Trout (2021) Order Scorpaeniformes Sebastes schlegelii, Black rockfish (2018) Order Siluriformes Clarias batrachus, walking catfish (2018) Ictalurus punctatus, channel catfish (2016) Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Iridescent shark catfish (2021) Silurus glanis, Wels catfish (2020) Order Spariformes Datnioides pulcher, Siamese tigerfish (2020) Datnioides undecimradiatus, Mekong tiger perch (2020) Order Syngnathiformes Syngnathus scovelli, Gulf pipefish (2016, 2023) Entelurus aequoreus, Snake pipefish (2024) Order Tetraodontiformes Diodon holocanthus, Long-spine porcupinefish (2020) Mola mola, ocean sunfish (2016) Takifugu rubripes, a puffer fish (2002) Tetraodon nigroviridis, a puffer fish (2004)
== Mechanism of action == In addition to Bcl-2, navitoclax also inhibits the related Bcl-xL and Bcl-w proteins. Because navitoclax inhibits Bcl-xL, it reduces platelet lifespan, causing thrombocytopenia, and this makes it dose-limiting. A 2020 article published in Aging Cell details the synthesis of Nav-Gal (navitoclax-galactose), a novel prodrug via galacto-conjugation of navitoclax and its superiority. The prodrug reduces thrombocytopenia in treated mice at therapeutically effective doses, as well as apoptosis of platelets in human blood samples treated ex vivo. Nav-Gal is efficient for selective senolysis and is passively taken up by both non-senescent and senescent cells.
Daisy was the most famous campaign commercial of the Cold War. Aired only once, on 7 September 1964, it was a factor in Lyndon B. Johnson's defeat of Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election. The contents of the commercial were controversial, and their emotional impact was searing. The commercial opens with a very young girl standing in a meadow with chirping birds, slowly counting the petals of a daisy as she picks them one by one. Her sweet innocence, along with mistakes in her counting, endear her to the viewer. When she reaches "9", an ominous-sounding male voice is suddenly heard intoning the countdown of a rocket launch. As the girl's eyes turn toward something she sees in the sky, the camera zooms in until one of her pupils fills the screen, blacking it out. The countdown reaches zero, and the blackness is instantly replaced by a simultaneous bright flash and thunderous sound which is then followed by footage of a nuclear explosion, an explosion similar in appearance to the near surface burst Trinity test of 1945, followed by another cut to footage of a billowing mushroom cloud. As the fireball ascends, an edit cut is made, this time to a close-up section of incandescence in the mushroom cloud, over which a voiceover from Johnson is played, which states emphatically, "These are the stakes! To make a world in which all of God's children can live, or to go into the dark. We must either love each other, or we must die." Another voiceover then says, "Vote for President Johnson on November 3.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry is a common approach. Ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance can support identification when suitable standards are available.
The solid is generally kept cold, dry, and protected from light. Solutions are often frozen in single-use aliquots to reduce repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
It indicates a material sold for laboratory study, not for human use. The label does not guarantee pharmaceutical purity, sterility, or regulatory approval.
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is sold as a research chemical, but sports and medicine regulations restrict it.