Everything below concerns LC-MS/MS. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2026-01-14. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Common supplier description |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Low solubility in water |
| Typical storage | −20 °C, desiccated, dark | For research samples |
| Analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Used for detection and quantification |
| Regulatory status | Prohibited in sport | WADA metabolic modulator class |
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
For long-term storage, SR9009 is typically kept as a solid at low temperature, protected from moisture and light. Desiccated conditions limit hydrolysis, while opaque containers reduce photochemical breakdown. Solutions are less stable than solids and are often stored frozen in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stability data are not standardized across all suppliers, so users should rely on certificate-of-analysis information when available. Degradation may appear as color change, precipitate, or decreased chromatographic purity.
Scientific discussion of SR9009 often separates animal evidence from human anecdote. Rodent studies provide controlled data on endurance, metabolism, and gene expression, but they use specific strains, doses, and treatment durations. Human reports are mostly uncontrolled and cannot establish cause and effect. Open questions include oral bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolic stability, and long-term effects. Review articles generally call for more rigorous pharmacokinetic and safety research before any clinical use could be considered.
Analytical methods for SR9009 typically rely on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The technique can separate the parent compound from related substances and detect low concentrations in biological matrices. Urine and blood are common samples in anti-doping testing, while in vitro studies may use cell culture media. Rapid metabolism and low expected concentrations make method validation important for reliable identification. Exact metabolite patterns can vary by species and are not fully mapped.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
=== Pharmacokinetics === Ciclosporin is a cyclic peptide composed of 11 amino acids. It has an unusually high molecular weight (1,202 Da) for an oral medication, but still achieves a bioavailability of up to ~30% due to its N-methylated cyclic structure, which confers both metabolic stability and a pronounced chameleonic properties, which allow it to pass through membranes such as those of the intestinal epithelium. It contains a single D-amino acid (D-alanine), which is rarely encountered in nature. Unlike most peptides, ciclosporin is not synthesized by ribosomes. Ciclosporin is highly metabolized by the CYP3A4 enzyme in humans and animals after ingestion. The metabolites, which include cyclosporin B, C, D, E, H, and L, have less than 10% of ciclosporin's immunosuppressant activity and are associated with higher kidney toxicity.
== Uses == One of the key uses for the compound is in production of the pesticide Malathion. It has also been used medically as a chemical depletory of glutathione. It has been studied extensively with regard to renal function. Other medical uses include treatment of breast cancer and its monitoring with Positron Emission Tomography. It is also used as a food additive and has Food and Drug Administration clearance for indirect food contact. In synthetic organic chemistry it is a dienophile and used in the Diels-Alder reaction. With the invention of polyaspartic technology the material also found another use. With this technology an amine is reacted with a dialkyl maleate - usually diethyl maleate - utilizing the Michael addition reaction. These products are then used in coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers.
=== Independent bottlers === Most malt distilleries sell a significant amount of whisky by the cask for blending, and sometimes to private buyers as well. Whisky from such casks is sometimes bottled as a single malt by independent bottling firms such as Duncan Taylor, Master of Malt, Gordon & MacPhail, Cadenhead's, The Scotch Malt Whisky Society, Murray McDavid, Berry Bros. & Rudd, Douglas Laing, Adelphi and others. These are usually labelled with the distillery's name, but not using the distillery's trademarked logos or typefaces. An "official bottling" (or "proprietary bottling"), by comparison, is from the distillery (or its owner). Many independent bottlings are from single casks, and they may sometimes be very different from an official bottling. For a variety of reasons, some independent bottlers do not identify which distillery produced the whisky in the bottle. Mostly this will be at the request of the whisky distiller as they are unable to regulate the quality of the whisky sold. Some distilleries, to prevent third-party bottlers from naming them on the bottle, add a small amount of whisky from a different distillery, a technique called 'tea-spooning' which then precludes the sale of the whisky as from a specific distillery, or as a single malt; the addition of any whisky from a second distillery is by regulation a blended malt (which will also allow it to be exported in bulk form, unlike single malts which may only be exported bottled ready for sale).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
GLP1 poly-agonist peptides are a class of drugs that activate multiple peptide hormone receptors including the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor. These drugs are developed for the same indications as GLP-1 receptor agonists—especially obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Unlike GLP-1 mono-agonists, which target only the GLP-1 receptor, poly-agonists activate two or more incretin receptors, such as the gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) receptor, which have distinct features but work together in metabolic regulation. GIP and GLP-1 are both naturally released from the gastrointestinal tract after eating, but act on different receptor distributions across tissues. GLP-1 receptors are concentrated in the pancreas, brain, and gastrointestinal tract, while GIP receptors are found primarily in the pancreas, brain, and adipose tissue. In healthy people, the combined incretin effect of GIP and GLP-1 accounts for around 50–70% of post-meal insulin secretion. This effect is substantially reduced in people with type 2 diabetes, providing evidence for therapies that activate both hormones. Poly-agonists are expected to provide superior efficacy with fewer adverse effects compared to GLP-1 mono-agonists, which are dose-limited by gastrointestinal disturbances. The effectiveness of multi-receptor agonists could possibly equal or exceed that of bariatric surgery. The first such drug to receive approval is tirzepatide, a dual agonist of GLP-1 and GIP receptors.
== Later life == Dayhoff's Atlas became a template for many indispensable tools in large portions of DNA or protein-related biomedical research. In spite of this significant contribution, Dayhoff was marginalized by the community of sequencers. The contract to manage GenBank (a technology directly related to her research), awarded in 1983 by the NIH, went to Walter Goad at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The reason for this attitude was unknown, with theories ranging from sexism to a clash of values with the experimental science community. Despite the success of Dayhoff's Atlas, experimental scientists and researchers considered their sequence information very valuable and were often reluctant to submit it to such a publicly available database. During the last few years of her life, she focused on obtaining stable, adequate, long-term funding to support the maintenance and further development of her Protein Information Resource. She envisioned an online system of computer programs and databases, accessible by scientists all over the world, for identifying protein from sequence or amino acid composition data, for making predictions based on sequences, and for browsing the known information. Less than a week before she died, she submitted a proposal to the Division of Research Resources at NIH for a Protein Identification Resource. After her death, her colleagues worked to make her vision a reality, and the protein database was fully operational by the middle of 1984.
=== Inductively coupled plasma === Selecting an internal standard in inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy can be difficult, because signals from the sample matrix can overlap with those belonging to the analyte. Yttrium is a common internal standard that is naturally absent in most samples. It has both a mid-range mass and emission lines that don't interfere with many analytes. The intensity of the yttrium signal is what the signal from the analyte gets compared to. In Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), species with a similar mass to the analyte usually serve as good internal standards, though not in every case. Factors that also contribute to the effectiveness of an internal standard in ICP-MS include how close its ionization potential, change in enthalpy, and change in entropy are to the analyte. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) internal standards can be selected by observing how the analyte and internal standard signals change with varying experimental conditions. This includes making adjustments to the sample matrix or instrumentation settings and evaluating whether the selected internal standard is reacting in the same way the analyte is.
== Commercial release == "Valley Girl" was picked up by KROQ-FM, who obtained an acetate disc before release. Zappa praised the station's original programming but feared it would lead to others copying it, adding, "I would hate for it to become another service, freeze-dried to other stations." Moon was a regular KROQ listener and persuaded the station to play the track during an interview. There was an immediate response from the public, and the song began receiving regular airplay. The song was Zappa's only Top 40 single in North America, peaking at #32 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and at #18 on the Canadian RPM Top Singles chart in September 1982, although he had charted hits in other parts of the world. The song was also included on the compilation album Strictly Commercial (1995). In the U.S. the B-side was "You Are What You Is", but in other territories it was "Teen-Age Prostitute." Promotional copies contained the album and single versions of the song.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== In smooth muscle === There are two isoforms that code for actins in the smooth muscle tissue: ACTG2 codes for the largest actin isoform, which has nine exons, one of which, the one located at the 5' end, is not translated. It is a γ-actin that is expressed in the enteric smooth muscle. No mutations to this gene have been found that correspond to pathologies, although microarrays have shown that this protein is more often expressed in cases that are resistant to chemotherapy using cisplatin. ACTA2 codes for an α-actin located in the smooth muscle, and also in vascular smooth muscle. It has been noted that the MYH11 mutation could be responsible for at least 14% of hereditary thoracic aortic aneurisms particularly Type 6. This is because the mutated variant produces an incorrect filamentary assembly and a reduced capacity for vascular smooth muscle contraction. Degradation of the aortic media has been recorded in these individuals, with areas of disorganization and hyperplasia as well as stenosis of the aorta's vasa vasorum. The number of afflictions that the gene is implicated in is increasing. It has been related to Moyamoya disease and it seems likely that certain mutations in heterozygosis could confer a predisposition to many vascular pathologies, such as thoracic aortic aneurysm and ischaemic heart disease. The α-actin found in smooth muscles is also an interesting marker for evaluating the progress of liver cirrhosis.
=== High blood pressure === Minoxidil, when used for hypertension, is generally reserved for use in severe hypertension patients who do not respond to at least two agents and a diuretic. Minoxidil is also generally administered with a loop diuretic to prevent sodium retention and potassium retention. It may also cause a reflex tachycardia and thus is prescribed with a beta blocker.
=== 1945 === February 4–11: The Yalta Conference in Crimea, RSFSR, with US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, and their top aides. Main attention is deciding the post-war status of Germany. The Allies of World War II (the United States, the Soviet Union, United Kingdom and also France) divide Germany into four occupation zones. The Allied nations agree that free elections are to be held in Poland and all countries occupied by Nazi Germany. In addition, the new United Nations are to replace the failed League of Nations. March 6: The Soviet Union installs a puppet government in Romania. March 7: Josip Broz Tito is installed as the head of the provisional government of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. March–April: U.S. and Britain outraged as Stalin excludes them from a role in Poland and turns Poland over to a Communist puppet government he controls. March–April: Stalin is outraged at inaccurate reports about Operation Sunrise that American Office of Strategic Services in Switzerland is negotiating a surrender of German forces; he demands a Soviet general be present at all negotiations. Roosevelt vehemently denies the allegation but closes down the operation in Switzerland. A Soviet general is present at the negotiations in northern Italy that lead to surrender. April 12: Roosevelt dies; Vice President Harry S. Truman takes over with little knowledge of current diplomatic efforts, no knowledge of the atomic bomb, and a bias against Russia. April 28: Benito Mussolini dies. April 30: Adolf Hitler dies.
== Products == It designs and manufactures automatic machines for the processing and packaging of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, tea and coffee. It specializes in tea bagging and coffee pod machines, solid dose manufacturing, sterile processing equipment, liquid filling, freeze-drying, labelling, blistering, counting, tube filling, end-of-line and cartoning machines.
===== MeSH D08.811.913.555 – one-carbon group transferases (EC 2.1) ===== MeSH D08.811.913.555.150 – amidinotransferases MeSH D08.811.913.555.275 – carboxyl and carbamoyl transferases MeSH D08.811.913.555.275.200 – aspartate carbamoyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.275.600 – ornithine carbamoyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.400 – hydroxymethyl and formyl transferases MeSH D08.811.913.555.400.100 – aminomethyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.400.300 – glutamate formimidoyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.400.500 – glycine hydroxymethyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.400.625 – phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.400.750 – phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500 – methyltransferases MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.100 – acetylserotonin n-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.175 – betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.250 – catechol O-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.350 – dna modification methylases MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.350.500 – dna (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.350.700 – site-specific dna-methyltransferase (adenine-specific) MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.350.850 – site-specific dna methyltransferase (cytosine-specific) MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.387 – glycine N-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.425 – guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.500 – histamine N-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.625 – homocysteine S-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.645 – 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine s-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.650 – nicotinamide N-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.700 – phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.710 – phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.712 – phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.800 – protein methyltransferases MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.800.400 – histone-lysine n-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.800.650 – o-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.800.750 – protein-arginine n-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.800.800 – protein o-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.800.800.700 – protein d-aspartate-l-isoaspartate methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.862 – thymidylate synthase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.925 – trna methyltransferases
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is sold as a research chemical, but sports and medicine regulations restrict it.
Detection commonly uses liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the compound in urine or blood at low concentrations.
Typical guidance is −20 °C, dry, and protected from light. Solutions should be aliquoted and limited freeze–thaw cycles should be used.
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that activates the REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug and has no established human therapeutic use. Most published biological data come from cell and rodent studies.