The short version of research compound fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2026-01-06. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | SR9009 | Also marketed informally as Stenabolic |
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ |
| Molecular formula | C24H30ClN3O4S | Approximate molecular weight 492 g/mol |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Identifier for the parent compound |
| Regulatory status | Not approved for human use | Prohibited in sport by WADA |
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
Several misconceptions surround SR9009. It is often described as a SARM, a steroid, or an exercise pill, but its known target is the REV-ERB receptor family. Rodent studies have examined exercise capacity and metabolic markers, yet human outcomes remain unproven. Oral bioavailability appears low in animals, and human pharmacokinetics are not well characterized. Online products may contain impurities or different compounds, so identity and purity testing are important for research use.
Analytical chemists detect SR9009 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, commonly abbreviated LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction before analysis. Laboratories can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the matrix and the purpose of testing. Anti-doping methods require sensitive and specific assays because concentrations in biological samples can be low. Reference standards and validated methods are essential for reliable identification and quantification.
SR9009 stability depends on temperature, moisture, light, and solvent. Solid material is generally kept cool and dry, while solutions may require protection from repeated warming and cooling. Degradation can appear as color changes, precipitate, or new chromatographic peaks. Researchers should follow supplier instructions and their own stability data. Long-term storage conditions for human use have not been established because the compound lacks approved clinical formulation.
SR9009 is supplied as a solid research chemical, often in milligram quantities. Laboratories typically weigh it in a controlled environment because fine powders can disperse. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in small aliquots to reduce freeze-thaw cycles. Personal protective equipment and chemical fume hoods are standard when handling unknown or potent compounds. These practices address laboratory safety rather than human use.
Identity and purity of SR9009 samples are usually checked with chromatographic and spectrometric methods. High-performance liquid chromatography can separate the compound from related impurities, while mass spectrometry provides molecular mass confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be used for structural verification in research settings. No single method proves biological activity, and certificates of analysis should be reviewed alongside raw data. Independent testing is often needed because online products vary widely.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
Glutathione + Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate → 3-MBG 3-MBG + γ-GTP → MBCG MBCG + Cauxin → Felinine + Glycine, or MBCG → N-Acetylfelinine Urine of domestic cats may contain a series of felinine-containing compounds including free felinine, acetylfelinine, felinylglycine and 3-MBG. Cysteine also plays a role in the synthesis of felinine. For one, the amino acid is commonly present in many enzymes. Also, it is one of the few precursors for glutathione. Glutathione is converted to 3-MBG, and so cysteine has an important role in the early steps of synthesis.
Chronic use may result in cocaine dependence, withdrawal symptoms, neurotoxicity, and nasal damage, including cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions. Coca cultivation and initial processing occur primarily in Latin America, especially in the Andes regions of Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia. Cultivation is expanding into Central America, including Honduras, Guatemala, and Belize. Violence linked to the cocaine trade continues to affect Latin America and the Caribbean and is expanding into Western Europe, Asia, and Africa as transnational organized crime groups compete globally. Cocaine remains the world's fastest-growing illicit drug market. Coca chewing dates back at least 8,000 years in South America. Large-scale cultivation occurred in Taiwan and Java prior to World War II. The cocaine boom—a sharp rise in illegal production and trade—began in the late 1970s and peaked in the 1980s. Cocaine is regulated under international drug control conventions, though its legal status varies nationally: several countries have decriminalized possession of small quantities.
In optical design jargon, an apodization function is used to purposely change the input intensity profile of an optical system, and it may be a complicated function to tailor the system to certain properties. Usually, it refers to a non-uniform illumination or transmission profile that approaches zero at the edges.
==== Regional air hubs ==== UPS has five large regional air hubs in the United States, located in Ontario, California; Dallas, Texas; Rockford, Illinois; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Atlanta, Georgia. These hubs serve as centers for sorting, transfer and delivery of packages.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== With materials === Generally, humans can regenerate injured tissues in vivo for limited distances of up to 2mm. The further the wound distance is from 2mm the more the wound regeneration will need inducement. By 2009, via the use of materials, a max induced regeneration could be achieved inside a 1 cm tissue rupture. Bridging the wound, the material allowed cells to cross the wound gap; the material then degraded. This technology was first used inside a broken urethra in 1996. In 2012, using materials, a full urethra was restored in vivo. Macrophage polarization is a strategy for skin regeneration. Macrophages are differentiated from circulating monocytes. Macrophages display a range of phenotypes varying from the M1, pro-inflammatory type to the M2, pro-regenerative type. Material hydrogels polarise macrophages into the key M2 regenerative phenotype in vitro. In 2017, hydrogels provided full regeneration of skin, with hair follicles, after partial excision of scars in pigs and after full thickness wound incisions in pigs.
=== Click chemistry === Thionyl tetrafluoride can be used in click chemistry through reactions with primary amines known as sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx). This kind of reaction was the first "click" reaction to generate a three-dimensional core. Reactions with amines will lead to the corresponding sulfurimidoyl difluoride, which has been used in multiple high throughput screening efforts to discover new inhibitors or molecular glue degraders.
CT is the total inorganic carbon [CO2*] is the sum of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid concentrations ([CO2*] = [CO2] + [H2CO3]) [HCO−3] is the bicarbonate concentration [CO2−3] is the carbonate concentration Each of these species are related by the following pH-driven chemical equilibria:
== Sources == L. S. Ettre (2004) American Laboratory, May 2004, pages 4-6 In memoriam: Csaba Horváth A. Guttman (2000) American Laboratory, June 2000, pages 6-10 Archived 2022-05-20 at the Wayback Machine Happy Birthday Csaba Horváth The Hungary Page Nobel Prize Winners and Famous Hungarians: Science, Mathematics & Technology Yale news of his death at the Wayback Machine (archived June 17, 2004) "Speeches at his remembrance Service". Archived from the original on June 18, 2004. Retrieved September 13, 2007. Claudia Flavell-White The Chemical Engineer October 2010 pp 54–55 "Degrees of Separation: Chemical Engineers who Changed the World - Csaba Horváth" An Introduction to Separation Science, (1973) B.L. Karger, Cs. Horváth and L.R. Snyder, Wiley
Hours after the capture, the United States attorney general Pam Bondi announced that Maduro and Flores had been indicted in the Southern District of New York on charges related to "narcoterrorism". The indictment listed the charges as narco-terrorism conspiracy, cocaine importation conspiracy, possession of machine guns and destructive devices, and conspiracy to possess machine guns and destructive devices. The amended indictment did not refer to the Cartel of the Suns as an organized group as previously alleged by the US, but instead as a corrupt patronage system, which aligns with experts' descriptions of its operations. Maduro and his wife were arraigned in a Manhattan federal court on 5 January 2026. Before pleading, Maduro said: "I am the president of Venezuela, I consider myself a prisoner of war. I was captured at my home in Caracas." Both pleaded not guilty to numerous drug trafficking charges. US District Judge Alvin Hellerstein ordered that Maduro be held at least until a hearing. Originally scheduled for 17 March, the hearing was delayed to 26 March. Maduro and Flores appeared in court for it, then were transferred back to jail in Brooklyn. Maduro is reportedly spending most of his time in prison reading the Bible. He does not have access to newspapers or the internet in prison, but he is allowed to speak by telephone with his family and lawyers for approximately 300 minutes a month, with a maximum of 15 minutes per call. Their trial was scheduled for 1 June 2027.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
perlatum's physiological responses are significantly influenced by water availability. The ability to maintain higher photosynthetic performance and pigment content in humid conditions suggests that P. perlatum is better adapted to environments with higher moisture levels. This adaptability makes P. perlatum useful as a bioindicator for monitoring ecological responses to climate change and varying moisture conditions in Mediterranean ecosystems. Lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi that have been recorded parasitising Parmotrema perlatum include Abrothallus parmotrematis, Briancoppinsia cytospora, Lichenoconium erodens, and Spirographa lichenicola.
== Chemistry == Levobunolol is the pure L-enantiomer of bunolol and has more than 60 times the pharmacological activity of D-bunolol. It is used as the hydrochloride, which melts at 209 to 211 °C (408 to 412 °F) and is soluble in water and methanol and slightly soluble in ethanol.
9 January – Séamus Begley, 73, traditional musician and singer. 16 January Carrie Acheson, 88, politician, TD (1981–1982). Joe Martin, 91, footballer (Dundalk, League of Ireland XI). 18 January – John L. Murray, 79, jurist, chief justice (2004–2011), judge of the Supreme Court (1999–2015) and the ECJ (1992–1999). 19 January Bertie Cunningham, 83, Gaelic footballer (Ballivor, Meath senior team). Peter Thomas, 78, footballer (Waterford, Galway United, national team). Born in England. 20 January – Pierce Higgins, 45, hurler (Tooreen, Ballyhaunis, Mayo senior team), motor neuron disease. 21 January – Micheál Mac Gréil, 91, Jesuit priest, sociologist and writer. 30 January – Eddie Spence, 97, Gaelic footballer (Belfast O'Connell's, Antrim senior team). Born in Northern Ireland. 31 January – Donie Hanlon, 85, Gaelic footballer (Gracefield, Offaly senior team).
=== Brush type columns (Pirkle Type) === The brush type, or Pirkle type chiral stationary phases are also called π-π Donnor-Acceptor columns. According to some theoretical models separation on these CSPs are based on a three-point attachment between the solute and the bonded chiral ligand on the surface of the stationary phase. These interactions may be attractive or repulsive in nature, depending on the mutual properties. Pirkle columns discriminate enantiomers by binding of one enantiomer with the chiral stationary phase, thereby forming a diastereomeric complex through π-π bonding, hydrogen bonding, steric interactions, and/or dipole stacking. Pirkle CSP can be categorized into three classes: (i) π-electron acceptor (ii) π-electron donor (iii) π-electron donor-π-electron acceptor.
Thanks to the protective function of radioprotectors, the dose of radiation used to treat malignant tumors (cancer) can be increased, thereby increasing the effectiveness of the therapy. There are also radiosensitizers, which increase the sensitivity of malignant tumor cells to ionizing radiation. As early as 1921, the German radiologist Hermann Holthusen (1886-1971) described that oxygen increases the sensitivity of cells.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that binds and modulates the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in laboratory studies of circadian biology and metabolism, not as an approved medicine. It is also known by the informal name Stenabolic.
No. SR9009 has not been approved as a therapeutic drug in the United States, European Union, or other major markets. Human safety and efficacy data are very limited. Its presence in consumer products does not imply regulatory approval.
The World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance because it can alter gene expression and metabolic pathways relevant to performance. The ban applies at all times, not only during competition. Detection relies on laboratory methods such as mass spectrometry.
It is a synthetic research compound that activates REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug or dietary supplement. Most information comes from cell and animal studies.