REV-ERB agonist is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2025-10-30. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
SR9009 is not approved as a medicine by major regulatory agencies. It is commonly sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside customary drug approval and quality rules. In sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance. Athletes who use it can face sanctions if it is detected in a sample. Legal status varies by country, and importation may be restricted. Enforcement practices differ across borders.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
Handling recommendations for SR9009 in a laboratory setting include storing the solid at low temperature, protected from light and moisture. The compound is often dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol for experiments. Solutions should be prepared with appropriate personal protective equipment and disposed of according to local rules. Stability data for long-term storage are limited, so stock solutions are typically kept cold and used within defined periods. Records of preparation date and concentration support reproducibility.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Regulatory status | Not approved as a medicine in major jurisdictions | Sold as a research chemical; legal status varies |
| Anti-doping status | Prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency | Listed under non-approved substances or related category |
| Typical analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Used for detection and confirmation in biological samples |
| Storage temperature | −20 °C or lower for solid | Desiccated and protected from light |
| Common solution solvents | DMSO; ethanol | Aqueous solubility is limited |
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually relies on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. This approach separates the compound from matrix components and identifies it by mass transitions. Because SR9009 can undergo metabolism, laboratories often look for both parent drug and specific metabolites. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or solid-phase extraction. Method validation examines sensitivity, carryover, and interference from related substances, and reference standards are required for accurate calibration.
Storage recommendations for SR9009 reference material typically specify a freezer at -20 °C or lower, with protection from moisture and light. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade small molecules and introduce variability. Stock solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide are often aliquoted to avoid repeated handling. Stability studies may examine degradation under heat, humidity, and light exposure. The compound's thiophene and nitro groups can participate in reactions that alter analytical signals over time, so such changes affect quantitative results.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise endurance, mitochondrial content, and lipid profiles in rodents, but these findings come from specific experimental conditions. Many studies use high doses or delivery methods that may not translate directly to human use. SR9009 has been reported to have low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, which complicates interpretation of oral dosing studies. It is not established as safe or effective for any indication. Literature discussions often separate its pharmacological mechanism from unverified claims made in fitness and supplement markets.
== Medical uses == Mepitiostane is used as an antiestrogen and antineoplastic agent in the treatment of breast cancer. It is also used as an AAS in the treatment of anemia of renal failure. A series of case reports have found it to be effective in the treatment of an estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent meningiomas as well.
The meteorite contained a mixture of left-handed and right-handed amino acids; most amino acids used by living organisms are left-handed in chirality, and most sugars used are right-handed. A team of chemists in Sweden demonstrated in 2005 that this homochirality could have been triggered or catalyzed by the action of a left-handed amino acid such as proline. Several lines of evidence indicate that the interior portions of well-preserved fragments from Murchison are pristine. A 2010 study using high resolution analytical tools including spectroscopy, identified 14,000 molecular compounds, including 70 amino acids, in a sample of the meteorite. The limited scope of the analysis by mass spectrometry provides for a potential 50,000 or more unique molecular compositions, with the team estimating the possibility of millions of distinct organic compounds in the meteorite. In November 2019, along with the Northwest Africa 801 meteorite it was the first to provide evidence of pentoses (including ribose) in space, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. All the straight-chain five-carbon aldoses were found but tetroses, sugar alcohols, sugar acids, and deoxyribose were not detected. In 2020, NASA announced that hexamethylenetetramine had been found in the Murchison, Murray and Tagish Lake meteorites.
In February 2018, logistics mismanagement by DHL, which had been selected by KFC UK as their new delivery partner, caused a chicken shortage in the United Kingdom – KFC's largest market in Europe – forcing the company to temporarily close hundreds of restaurants around the country. KFC apologized by taking out adverts in British newspapers showing the company's initials rearranged to read "FCK", followed by an apology, which was well received. In November 2021, Finland's first KFC restaurant was opened at the Itis shopping center in Itäkeskus, Helsinki. A few days before the opening day, a tent had appeared in front of the restaurant, where a man who had kept his identity secret for a few days had stayed, and who on the opening day revealed himself to the public as a vegan activist defending animal rights. After trying to give his speech to those present, the security company carried him away. Even before the opening of the restaurant, in October, news of a controversy over the procurement of a broiler for food from Poland; the cause is mainly related to the risk of salmonella in broilers, which is a significant problem in Poland, whereas its prevalence in Finland is low. Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a number of companies have faced growing pressure to halt operations in Russia but have not yet done so. This includes KFC, which has over 1,000 outlets in Russia, more than any other Western fast food chain. However, within a few years, all Russian KFC restaurants were rebranded as "Rostic's".
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The world's largest producers of ethylene oxide are Dow Chemical Company (3–3.5 Mt (3.3–3.9 million short tons) in 2006), Saudi Basic Industries (2,000–2,500 tonnes (2,200–2,800 short tons) in 2006), Royal Dutch Shell (1.328 Mt (1.464 million short tons) in 2008–2009), BASF (1.175 Mt (1.295 million short tons) in 2008–2009), China Petrochemical Corporation (~1 Mt (1.1 million short tons) in 2006), Formosa Plastics (~1 Mt (1.1 million short tons) in 2006), and Ineos (0.92 Mt (1.01 million short tons) in 2008–2009).
Adam LeBor (1961); author, journalist; foreign correspondent from 1991; now based in London; also lived in Ramat HaShofet kibbutz, Israel, Berlin and Paris; reported from the former Yugoslavia; covered collapse of Communism and Yugoslav wars for The Independent ;currently contributes to The Times, the Financial Times, where he reviews thrillers, The Critic, Monocle; works as editorial trainer and writing coach at Financial Times, Citywire and Monocle; former contributor to Harry's Place; has written eight non-fiction books, including Hitler's Secret Bankers, shortlisted for the Orwell Prize, a biography of Slobodan Milosevic, and City of Oranges, an account of Jewish and Arab families in Jaffa, shortlisted for the Jewish Quarterly Prize. Sir Sidney Lee (1859–1926), biographer and literary scholar Joseph Leftwich, writer, one of the Whitechapel Boys Antony Lerman (born 11 March 1946); author advocating One-state solution in Israel and Palestine; critic of the concept of the New antisemitism; explores meaning of Zionism and Anti-Zionism; from 2006 to early 2009, was Director of the Institute for Jewish Policy Research. David Levi, writer on Jewish subjects Amy Levy (10 November 1861 – 9 September 1889) was an English essayist, poet, and novelist best remembered for her literary gifts; her experience as the second Jewish woman at Cambridge University, and as the first Jewish student at Newnham College, Cambridge.
Dermal macrophages are primarily populated in the dermis of the skin as they are specialised in skin homeostasis and repair. There are three inter-linked stages in skin wound healing: inflammation, tissue formation, and maturation. Dermal macrophages serve the function of bridging the three stages of wound healing. The first stage occurs from day 0 to 5 post-injury. This stage is an inflammatory response induced by dermal macrophages to initiate the tissue repairing process. Similar to their functions in innate immunity, dermal macrophages stimulate an inflammatory response during the first stage of wound repair by releasing pro-inflammatory factors. This allows infiltration of immune cells and factors facilitating tissue regeneration. Dermal macrophages are associated with the production of proliferation factors such as TGFβ1 and VEGF-A. The factors are produced to initiate the second stage, tissue formation. Tissue formation occurs from day 5 to 10 post-injury. In this stage, dermal macrophages' primary role is to generate a primary structure for wound repairing via granulation and collagen deposition. They also mediate re-epithelialisation and neo-angiogenesis by producing TGFβ1 and VEGF-A, as in the inflammation stage. Dermal macrophages are essential in the transition between the second and third stages. Deficiency in dermal macrophages might induce unfavourable morphological changes in the wound because of compromised removal of tissue debris via phagocytosis. Dermal macrophages mediate the final stage of tissue maturation and wound remodelling.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Cardiac muscle mitochondrial metabolism and function === In addition to sarcomeres, PKCε also targets cardiac mitochondria. Proteomic analysis of PKCε signaling complexes in mice expressing a constitutively-active, overexpressed PKCε identified several interacting partners at mitochondria whose protein abundance and posttranslational modifications were altered in the transgenic mice. This study was the first to demonstrate PKCε at the inner mitochondrial membrane, and it was found that PKCε binds several mitochondrial proteins involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle, beta oxidation, and ion transport. However, it remained unclear how PKCε translocates from the outer to inner mitochondrial membrane until Budas et al. discovered that heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) coordinates with the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane-20 (Tom20) to translocate PKCε following a preconditioning stimulus. Specifically, a seven amino acid peptide, termed TAT-εHSP90, homologous to the Hsp90 sequence within the PKCε C2 domain induced translocation of PKCε to the inner mitochondrial membrane and cardioprotection. PKCε has also been shown to play a role in modulating mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT); the addition of PKCε to cardiomyocytes inhibits MPT, though the mechanism is unclear.
=== Religion and spirituality === Religiousness and spirituality are closely related but distinct topics. Religion is any organized, and often institutionalized, system of cultural practices and beliefs pertaining to the meaning of human existence. It occurs within a traditional context such as a formal religious institution. Spirituality, on the other hand, is a general term applied to the process of finding meaning and a better understanding of one's place in the universe. It is the individual or collective search for that which is sacred or meaningful in life. One may therefore be religious but not spiritual, and vice versa.
In 2014, Guinness released Guinness Blonde, a lager brewed in Latrobe, Pennsylvania using a combination of Guinness yeast and American ingredients. When Guinness opened their new brewery in Baltimore, Maryland in August 2018 they recreated "Blonde" to "Baltimore Blonde" by adjusting the grain mixture and adding Citra for a citrus flavour and removed the Mosaic hops. Guinness released a lager in 2015 called Hop House 13. It was withdrawn from sale in the UK in May 2021, following poor sales, but remains on sale in Ireland. In 2020, Guinness announced the introduction of a zero alcohol canned stout, Guinness 0.0. It was withdrawn from sale almost immediately after launch, due to contamination. It was relaunched in 2021 starting with pubs in mid July with cans following in late August. In September 2021, Guinness Nitrosurge was released in pint sized cans which contain no widget. Similar to the Surger, nitrogen is activated using ultrasonic frequencies. Nitrosurge uses a special device attached to the top of the can which activates the nitrogen as it is being poured.
July 4 July 4 – The U.S. celebrates its semiquincentennial, in recognition of the 250th anniversary of the 1776 adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence from Great Britain. The Department of Government Efficiency officially shuts down operations. July 5 The Navy suspends its search for one of its missing soldiers in the Arabian Sea. 2026 FIFA World Cup: FIFA suspends the automatic one-match ban given to United States forward Folarin Balogun following his red card against Bosnia and Herzegovina, allowing him to play in the round of 16 against Belgium, after President Trump personally urged FIFA president Gianni Infantino to review the case. The decision is criticised by UEFA and the Royal Belgian Football Association. July 6 Iran war: US president Donald Trump says that the US government will either make an agreement with the Iranian regime or "finish the job" against it, claiming that Americans have the capability to destroy their bridges in one hour, and destroy their energy supply. 2026 United States Senate elections: Amidst ongoing controversies surrounding U.S. Senate nominee Graham Platner (D-ME) including a recent sexual assault allegation, Platner says that he will consider "taking the time" to consider his next steps in the race. 2026 FIFA World Cup: Co-hosts United States are eliminated from the tournament after losing 4–1 to Belgium in the round of 16 at Lumen Field in Seattle. July 7 – Amidst ongoing speculation regarding the health of U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell (R-KY), spokespersons for Republican leaders including U.S.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Its legal status depends on the country and intended use. It is not an approved medicine in major jurisdictions. In sport, it is prohibited by anti-doping rules.
Laboratories typically use LC-MS/MS to detect SR9009 and related compounds in urine or blood. The method is sensitive but depends on sample collection timing. Confirmatory analysis follows quality-control procedures.
Solid material is generally kept cold, dry, and protected from light. Solutions are often stored in sealed containers at low temperature. Stability beyond recommended periods is not well documented.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.