REV-ERB agonist raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
Reviewed 2026-06-19. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Identity and purity testing for SR9009 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method separates the compound from matrix components and detects it by mass-to-charge transitions, providing sensitive and specific confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural identification, while high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection may estimate purity. Because online products labeled as SR9009 may contain other substances or no active compound at all, independent verification is important in research settings. Certificates of analysis are useful but not a substitute for in-house testing.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically supplied as a white to off-white powder. The compound dissolves readily in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, while its solubility in water is low. Because of this solubility profile, researchers often prepare concentrated stock solutions in an organic solvent before diluting them into aqueous assay buffers. Light exposure, moisture, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade many small molecules, so handling procedures usually aim to minimize these factors. Purity is commonly checked before use.
Storage conditions for research-grade SR9009 generally involve a freezer at approximately minus twenty degrees Celsius, sometimes lower for long-term preservation. Containers should remain tightly closed and protected from light. Desiccants may be used to limit moisture uptake. Solutions are often stored in aliquots to avoid repeated warming and cooling. Stability data for the compound under various conditions are limited, so laboratories typically follow supplier recommendations and verify performance through periodic analytical checks rather than assuming indefinite stability.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical for research-grade material |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low aqueous solubility | Organic stock solutions are common |
| Typical storage temperature | -20 °C or lower | Protect from light and moisture |
| Common analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Used for detection and confirmation |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is an informal name |
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
== Causes == Acanthosis nigricans arises from several distinct mechanisms. It most commonly reflects insulin resistance and is frequently associated with type 2 diabetes, obesity and endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism, acromegaly, polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, and Cushing's disease. It may also be inherited, medication-related or associated with internal malignancy. Review articles describe acanthosis nigricans primarily as a marker of systemic metabolic dysfunction rather than a primary skin disease.
By doing so, individuals with masculinized brains are better able to survive and copulate with as many mates as possible. The masculinization of the brain is mediated both by testosterone levels at the adult stage and by testosterone exposure in the womb. Higher pre-natal testosterone indicated by a low digit ratio as well as adult testosterone levels increased risk of fouls or aggression among male players in a soccer game. Studies have found higher pre-natal testosterone or lower digit ratio to be correlated with higher aggression. The rise in testosterone during competition predicted aggression in males, but not in females. In one experiment, subjects who interacted with handguns showed higher testosterone levels and aggression than those who interacted with toys. One study proposed that natural selection may have caused men to be more sensitive to situations in which their status is challenged, and that testosterone is the key factor that causes these situations to spark into aggression. Structural brain characteristics associated with testosterone levels have also been found to predict individuals' levels of aggression. The Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences has found that the use of anabolic steroids (which increases testosterone) among teenagers is correlated with increased likelihood of using violence. One study found that administering testosterone increased verbal aggression in some participants. A few studies indicate that the testosterone derivative estradiol might play an important role in male aggression.
Agouti is not directly secreted in the melanocyte as it works as a paracrine factor on dermal papillae cells to inhibit release of melanocortin. Melanocortin acts on follicular melanocytes to increase production of eumelanin, a melanin pigment responsible for brown and black hair. When agouti is expressed, production of pheomelanin dominates, a melanin pigment that produces yellow or red colored hair.
ZMapp was first used during the 2014 West Africa Ebola Virus outbreak, having not previously undergone any human clinical trials to determine its efficacy or potential risks. By October 2014, the United States Food and Drug Administration had approved the use of several experimental drugs, including ZMapp, to be used on patients infected with Ebola virus. The use of such drugs during the epidemic was also deemed ethical by the World Health Organization (WHO). In 2014, a limited supply of ZMapp was used to treat 7 individuals infected with the Ebola virus; of these 2 died. The outcome is not considered to be statistically significant. Mapp announced in August 2014, that supplies of ZMapp had been exhausted.
=== Ion implantation === Accelerating carbon ions inside an electrical field into a semiconductor made of thin nickel films on a substrate of SiO2/Si, creates a wafer-scale (4 inches (100 mm)) wrinkle/tear/residue-free graphene layer at a relatively low temperature of 500 °C.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
FGF-1 stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of all cell types necessary for building an arterial vessel, including endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells; this fact distinguishes FGF-1 from other pro-angiogenic growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which primarily drives the formation of new capillaries. Besides FGF-1, one of the most important functions of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2 or bFGF) is the promotion of endothelial cell proliferation and the physical organization of endothelial cells into tube-like structures, thus promoting angiogenesis. FGF-2 is a more potent angiogenic factor than VEGF or PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor); however, it is less potent than FGF-1. As well as stimulating blood vessel growth, aFGF (FGF-1) and bFGF (FGF-2) are important players in wound healing. They stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells that give rise to angiogenesis and developing granulation tissue; both increase blood supply and fill up a wound space/cavity early in the wound-healing process.
=== Hydrogenation and hardening === Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids is widely practiced. Typical conditions involve 2.0–3.0 MPa of H2 pressure, 150 °C, and nickel supported on silica as a catalyst. This treatment affords saturated fatty acids. The extent of hydrogenation is indicated by the iodine number. Hydrogenated fatty acids are less prone toward rancidification. Since the saturated fatty acids are higher melting than the unsaturated precursors, the process is called hardening. Related technology is used to convert vegetable oils into margarine. The hydrogenation of triglycerides (vs fatty acids) is advantageous because the carboxylic acids degrade the nickel catalysts, affording nickel soaps. During partial hydrogenation, unsaturated fatty acids can be isomerized from cis to trans configuration. More forcing hydrogenation, i.e. using higher pressures of H2 and higher temperatures, converts fatty acids into fatty alcohols. Fatty alcohols are, however, more easily produced from simpler fatty acid esters, like the fatty acid methyl esters ("FAME"s).
Applications using this early discover were limited due to naturally low concentrations of this anti-haemophilic factor in blood and plasma and volume constraints in the circulatory system. In 1954, the Government wished to establish a site for increased production of blood products. This followed on from the importance of blood in therapeutic medicine, the need for blood products during the Second World War (particularly the use of albumin) and the formation on 26 September 1946 of the National Blood Transfusion Service. It had also been discovered that a second form of haemophilia (Haemophilia B) existed, which was treatable with blood protein called Factor IX. An agreement was reached between the Government, MRC and the Lister Institute and the Blood Products Laboratory was established with funding from the Ministry of Health. Enlarged facilities for plasma fractionation and freeze-drying were established. During the 1970s and early 1980s it became apparent that Factor VIII products produced at the BPL site (and other products from other companies) may have infected haemophiliacs with life-threatening viruses. Bigger risks to the patient population arose from U.S.imported products, a practice required since the UK was not self-sufficient in plasma products. In 1991 it was renamed the Bio Products Laboratory to reflect the internal market in the National Health Service and in 1993 it became part of the National Blood Authority. BPL began cross-charging NHS hospitals for its products and limited competition in the international blood plasma market was permitted.
==== Complex III ==== In Complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex or CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase; EC 7.1.1.8), the Q-cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons. Two electrons are removed from QH2 at the QO site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c, a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Qi site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed by one quinol (
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
With the development of high-efficiency and high-power LEDs, it has become possible to use LEDs in lighting and illumination. To encourage the shift to LED lamps and other high-efficiency lighting, in 2008 the US Department of Energy created the L Prize competition. The Philips Lighting North America LED bulb won the first competition on August 3, 2011, after successfully completing 18 months of intensive field, lab, and product testing. Efficient lighting is needed for sustainable architecture. As of 2011, some LED bulbs provide up to 150 lm/W and even inexpensive low-end models typically exceed 50 lm/W, so that a 6-watt LED could achieve the same results as a standard 40-watt incandescent bulb. The lower heat output of LEDs also reduces demand on air conditioning systems. Worldwide, LEDs are rapidly adopted to displace less effective sources such as incandescent lamps and CFLs and reduce electrical energy consumption and its associated emissions. Solar powered LEDs are used as street lights and in architectural lighting. The mechanical robustness and long lifetime are used in automotive lighting on cars, motorcycles, and bicycle lights. LED street lights are employed on poles and in parking garages. In 2007, the Italian village of Torraca was the first place to convert its street lighting to LEDs. Cabin lighting on recent Airbus and Boeing jetliners uses LED lighting. LEDs are also being used in airport and heliport lighting.
Lately Executive Director, City Building. For services to Equality and Inclusion in Construction. Dr. Shriti Pattani. Lately President, The Society of Occupational Medicine. For services to Occupational Health. Nicola Heather Anne Patterson. Lately Director of Nursing, South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust. For services to Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland. Professor Rupert Mark Pearse. Professor of Intensive Care Medicine, Queen Mary University of London. For services to Intensive Care Medicine. Amy Sarah Perrin. Founder, The Marmalade Trust. For services to Older People. Oscar Victor Pinto-Hervia. Founder, Hervia. For services to Fashion and to Charity. Dr. Madsen Pirie. President, Adam Smith Institute. For services to Public Policy. Mary Margaret Portas. Retail Consultant and Broadcaster. For services to Business, to Broadcasting and to Charity. Alexander Reedijk. General Director, Scottish Opera. For services to the Performing Arts in Scotland. Marvin Rees. Mayor, Bristol City Council. For services to Local Government. Professor Julian Daryl Richards. Professor of Archaeology, University of York. For services to Heritage and Digital Archiving. Julian Richmond-Watson. Chair, Thoroughbred Breeders Association. For services to the British Horseracing Industry. José Salvador Riera. Deputy Director, Communications, Department for Culture, Media and Sport. For Public Service. Martin John Rigley, MBE. Lately Managing Director, Lindhurst Engineering Ltd. For services to the East Midlands Covid-19 Response and to the community in Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire.
MassMatrix is a mass spectrometry data analysis software that uses a statistical model to achieve increased mass accuracy over other database search algorithms. This search engine is set apart from others dues to its ability to provide extremely efficient judgement between true and false positives for high mass accuracy data that has been obtained from present day mass spectrometer instruments. It is useful for identifying disulphide bonds in tandem mass spectrometry data. This search engine is set apart from others due to its ability to provide extremely efficient judgement between true and false positives for high mass accuracy data that has been obtained from present day mass spectrometer instruments.
{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\begin{pmatrix}n_{E}\\n_{I}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}-1/\tau _{E}&R_{0}/\tau _{I}\\1/\tau _{E}&-1/\tau _{I}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}n_{E}\\n_{I}\end{pmatrix}}.}
== Assessment == There are several methods available for the assessment of sudomotor function. They vary in cost, technical complexity, reproducibility, variability and the availability of normative data. However, all sudomotor function assessments are not specific for small fiber or sudomotor neuropathy, as they can also yield abnormal results from disorders of the sweat glands themselves. The following is a list of methods used in clinical practice and clinical research for sudomotor assessment. Thermoregulatory Sweat Test (TST) and Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test (QSART) are considered the gold standards for assessment of sudomotor function. Newer methods may offer simpler, potentially more sensitive, and more widely available alternatives for screening and monitoring in the clinic of autonomic and small fiber neuropathies, particularly those associated with diabetes.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Research-grade SR9009 is typically stored frozen at about minus twenty degrees Celsius, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often kept in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Specific storage conditions should follow the supplier's documentation.
Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry is widely used to detect and confirm SR9009 in laboratory samples. The technique offers high sensitivity and can distinguish the target compound from related substances. Nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet detection may support identity and purity checks.
Online products labeled as SR9009 may vary in identity, purity, and actual content. Independent testing helps confirm that a sample matches its label and does not contain unexpected contaminants. This is important for reproducible research and for interpreting experimental results.
It is a synthetic compound studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine and has mainly been examined in laboratory and animal research.