REV-ERB agonist raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
This page was last updated on 2026-05-13 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Physicochemical behavior influences handling. SR9009 is described as a solid with limited aqueous solubility, so organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol are common in research stock solutions. Aqueous dilution can produce precipitates if the organic content is too low. Light, heat, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles may affect stability. Storage recommendations usually specify a desiccated freezer environment protected from light, but exact stability data depend on the formulation and matrix.
Detection in biological samples can be complicated by rapid metabolism and low circulating concentrations. Some studies report phase I and phase II metabolites, and analytical methods may need to target those species in addition to the parent compound. Immunoassays are not broadly available, so mass spectrometry remains the main confirmatory approach. For anti-doping testing, laboratories look for SR9009 and its metabolites using validated LC-MS methods. Open questions include how long metabolites remain detectable and how different routes of administration alter detection windows.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | Off-white to pale yellow solid | Visual description varies with purity and source |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; poorly soluble in water | Organic stock solutions are common in research |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated, protected from light | Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles |
| Typical analytical method | LC-MS or HPLC-UV | Reference standards are needed for quantification |
| Molar mass | Approximately 437.9 g/mol | Calculated from the reported free-base formula |
Identity and purity testing for SR9009 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method separates the compound from matrix components and detects it by mass-to-charge transitions, providing sensitive and specific confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural identification, while high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection may estimate purity. Because online products labeled as SR9009 may contain other substances or no active compound at all, independent verification is important in research settings. Certificates of analysis are useful but not a substitute for in-house testing.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically supplied as a white to off-white powder. The compound dissolves readily in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, while its solubility in water is low. Because of this solubility profile, researchers often prepare concentrated stock solutions in an organic solvent before diluting them into aqueous assay buffers. Light exposure, moisture, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade many small molecules, so handling procedures usually aim to minimize these factors. Purity is commonly checked before use.
SR9009 stability depends on temperature, moisture, light, and solvent. Solid material is generally kept cool and dry, while solutions may require protection from repeated warming and cooling. Degradation can appear as color changes, precipitate, or new chromatographic peaks. Researchers should follow supplier instructions and their own stability data. Long-term storage conditions for human use have not been established because the compound lacks approved clinical formulation.
SR9009 is supplied as a solid research chemical, often in milligram quantities. Laboratories typically weigh it in a controlled environment because fine powders can disperse. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in small aliquots to reduce freeze-thaw cycles. Personal protective equipment and chemical fume hoods are standard when handling unknown or potent compounds. These practices address laboratory safety rather than human use.
Identity and purity of SR9009 samples are usually checked with chromatographic and spectrometric methods. High-performance liquid chromatography can separate the compound from related impurities, while mass spectrometry provides molecular mass confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be used for structural verification in research settings. No single method proves biological activity, and certificates of analysis should be reviewed alongside raw data. Independent testing is often needed because online products vary widely.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
REV-ERB proteins help regulate daily cycles in gene expression, including genes tied to lipid and glucose metabolism. SR9009 binds these receptors and alters their activity in cell and animal experiments. Consequences observed in rodents include changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, blood lipid levels, and exercise performance. The precise chain from receptor occupancy to whole-body effects is still an active area of study. Human responses cannot be assumed from rodent data.
=== Log odds ratio === It gives the ratio of the occurrence each amino acid combination in the observed data to the expected value of occurrence of the pair. It is rounded off and used in the substitution matrix.
=== Standardization for Europe === DVB approved the Standard TS 101 154 V2.1.1, published (07/2014) in the DVB Blue Book A157 Specification for the use of Video and Audio Coding in Broadcasting Applications based on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream, which was published by ETSI in the following months.
== History == CIP was first described in 1984 by Charles F. Bolton in a series of five patients. The condition used to be described as "Bolton's neuropathy.". In 1996, Latronico and colleagues first described that CIP and CIM often coexist in the same patient.
Skin and skin structure Infections This medication can be used to treat skin and skin structure infections caused from beta-lactamase-producing strains of S. aureus, Enterobacter spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp. (including K. pneumoniae), P. mirabilis, B. fragilis, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Examples of skin conditions treated with ampicillin-sulbactam are moderate to severe diabetic foot infections and type 1 Necrotizing fasciitis, commonly referred to as "flesh-eating bacteria".
That certain ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are missing RNAi pathways indicates that proteins required for RNA silencing have been lost independently from many fungal lineages, possibly due to the evolution of a novel pathway with similar function, or to the lack of selective advantage in certain niches.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
There are thousands of proteins in any particular cell. An estimated 1/10 to 1/2 of proteins are phosphorylated in some cellular state. 30–65% of proteins in humans and ~50% of proteins in yeast may be phosphorylated. An estimated 230,000, 156,000, and 40,000 phosphorylation sites exist in human, mouse, and yeast, respectively. Phosphorylation often occurs on multiple distinct sites on a given protein. Since phosphorylation of any site on a given protein can change the function or localization of that protein, understanding the "state" of a cell requires knowing the phosphorylation state of its proteins. For example, generally, if amino acid Serine-473 in the protein AKT is phosphorylated, AKT is functionally active as a kinase, and if it is not phosphorylated, AKT is an inactive kinase. Phosphorylation sites are crucial for proteins and their transportation and functions. They are the covalent modification of proteins through reversible phosphorylation. This enables proteins to stay inbound within a cell since the negative phosphorylated site disallows their permeability through the cellular membrane. Protein dephosphorylation allows the cell to replenish phosphates through release of pyrophosphates which saves ATP use in the cell. An example of phosphorylating enzyme is found in E. coli bacteria. It possesses alkaline phosphatase in its periplasmic region of its membrane. The outermost membrane is permeable to phosphorylated molecules however the inner cytoplasmic membrane is impermeable due to large negative charges. In this way, the E.
Cabinet mandate letters requested by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation through a freedom of information request were not released to the public, despite being ordered to by the Ontario information and privacy commissioner in 2019. The Supreme Court of Canada held the mandate letters issued by Doug Ford to his ministers were protected from disclosure under access to information legislation, under the principle of Cabinet confidentiality. In 2026, the government announced changes to Ontario's existing freedom of information (FOI) laws, restricting access to government records from the premier's office, Cabinet ministers, and parliamentary assistants. The legislation faced backlash from opposition parties and Ontario's privacy commissioner.
The meanings of the various colors are standardized by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and are the same across manufacturers. The term order of draw refers to the sequence in which tubes should be filled. The needle which pierces the tubes can carry additives from one tube into the next, so the sequence is standardized so that any cross-contamination of additives will not affect laboratory results.
==== Amide formation pathway ==== The formation of an amide using a carbodiimide is a common reaction, but carries the risk of several side reactions. The acid 1 will react with the carbodiimide to produce the key intermediate: the O-acylisourea 2, which can be viewed as a carboxylic ester with an activated leaving group. The O-acylisourea will react with amines to give the desired amide 3 and urea 4. The possible reactions of the O-acylisourea 2 produce both desired and undesired products. The O-acylisourea 2 can react with an additional carboxylic acid 1 to give an acid anhydride 5, which can react further to give the amide 3. The main undesired reaction pathway involves the rearrangement of the O-acylisourea 2 to the stable N-acylurea 6. The use of solvents with low dielectric constants such as dichloromethane or chloroform can minimize this side reaction.
=== Lipids === An indication of the role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) on atherosclerosis has been with the rare Apo-A1 Milano human genetic variant of this HDL protein. A small short-term trial using bacterial-synthesized human Apo-A1 Milano HDL in people with unstable angina produced a fairly dramatic reduction in measured coronary plaque volume in only six weeks vs. the usual increase in plaque volume in those randomized to placebo. The trial was published in JAMA in early 2006. Ongoing work starting in the 1990s may lead to human clinical trials—probably by about 2008. These may use synthesized Apo-A1 Milano HDL directly, or they may use gene-transfer methods to pass the ability to synthesize the Apo-A1 Milano HDLipoprotein. Methods to increase HDL particle concentrations, which in some animal studies largely reverse and remove atheromas, are being developed and researched. However, increasing HDL by any means is not necessarily helpful. For example, the drug torcetrapib is the most effective agent currently known for raising HDL (by up to 60%). However, in clinical trials, it also raised deaths by 60%. All studies regarding this drug were halted in December 2006. The actions of macrophages drive atherosclerotic plaque progression. Immunomodulation of atherosclerosis is the term for techniques that modulate immune system function to suppress this macrophage action.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is usually detected by LC-MS or HPLC-UV against a reference standard. In biological matrices, metabolite targeting can improve detection. No universal immunoassay is widely available.
The compound is generally handled as light-sensitive and stored cold and dry. Stability in solution depends on solvent, concentration, and storage time. Specific degradation rates are not fully standardized.
Limited water solubility affects formulation for cell and animal studies. Organic co-solvents are often used to dissolve it. Precipitation can confound assay results if not controlled.
It is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine for human use.